Vaughn Smith on Life as a Hyperpolyglot

Vaughn Smith with Tyler Cowen

Show: Conversations with Tyler

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Reformatted for readability — timestamps removed, lightly restructured. Not verbatim. For exact quotes, refer to the original transcript.

Contents

    Tyler Cowen

    Hello, everyone. Welcome back to Conversations with Tyler. Today, I am honored to be here with Vaughn Smith, who is a hyperpolyglot, and he lives in nearby Maryland. Vaughn, welcome.

    Vaughn Smith

    Thank you.

    Tyler Cowen

    How many different languages do you dream in?

    Vaughn Smith

    Dream? Let’s see. I think I’ve had dreams in about 10 languages or so.

    Tyler Cowen

    What would those be?

    Vaughn Smith

    Recently, I was dreaming in Czech. I think I had some Latvian words sprinkled in there. I dream in Nahuatl, Spanish, Russian, English of course, some others. I can’t exactly remember. It might have been a long time ago. Slovak also. Oh, yes, I did. I had a dream in Slovak. I was speaking to somebody in Slovak — in my dream, of course. That’s about all I can remember right now.

    Tyler Cowen

    To varying degrees, how many languages would you think you have at least a beginner’s grasp of?

    Vaughn Smith

    At least a beginner’s grasp of?

    Tyler Cowen

    Yes.

    Vaughn Smith

    That would be about 36 or so.

    Tyler Cowen

    And fluent in?

    Vaughn Smith

    Fluent in about eight.

    Tyler Cowen

    About eight. What’s your history with being a hyperpolyglot? Did you wake one morning, and you’re five years old, and you just start learning other languages? Or you realized in school you were good at this? How did this happen?

    Vaughn Smith

    Slowly, a realization. I grew up bilingual when I was very young because my —

    Tyler Cowen

    English and Spanish.

    Vaughn Smith

    English and Spanish. My mother would take us to Mexico and learn Spanish there and come back. As far as I remember, being bilingual. And then, I think when I was about, let’s say 11, I took an interest in learning French. When I was about 13 in school, I started learning German, just on my own.

    Tyler Cowen

    This was not directed by the school. You just did it.

    Vaughn Smith

    No, it was not directed by the school. It started with my mother having material in French and my mother’s fascination, herself, with the French language.

    Tyler Cowen

    Did they make you take language classes in school? Was that a form of torture, or you enjoyed it?

    Vaughn Smith

    No one made me take any classes. I didn’t take any classes. I simply studied out of my own interest.

    Tyler Cowen

    Was there this moment in your life where you think, “Well, I’m going to do this as a thing”? Or you just kept on going, and here you are dreaming and speaking however many languages?

    Vaughn Smith

    When I was about 15, leaving Alice Deal Junior High School, going to Wilson — that’s when I decided, “Okay, I want to do this. I want to learn more languages, and this is going to be my thing. This is going to be something that I’m good at. I can see that. I can learn it pretty quickly.” My peers are telling me, wow, I’ve got good pronunciation. I can memorize the words and the vocabulary pretty fast. That was the turning point.

    Tyler Cowen

    Which languages, of those you know, do you think are best for expressions of humor?

    Vaughn Smith

    Expressions of humor — definitely Spanish, Russian. Hmm, to a degree, Finnish. I think those three.

    Tyler Cowen

    What makes Spanish and Russian good for humor?

    Vaughn Smith

    Spanish — where we are from, particularly the Mexican Spanish variety that we speak, which is from Orizaba, Veracruz state — it’s a very vulgar and a very colloquial Spanish. Every other sentence that anybody says on a regular daily basis is some sort of insult or a pun on something or a metaphor. It’s a very rich language in that sense.

    Tyler Cowen

    And Russian?

    Vaughn Smith

    Russian? The Russian friends that I learned from are also very witty, and they enjoy telling jokes all the time.

    Tyler Cowen

    Mucha, what makes Nahuatl such a beautiful language?

    Vaughn Smith

    Nahuatl — I think it’s just the sound, the way it flows. It’s a very quickly spoken language. When I’m listening to it, when I speak it, it just puts me in the place. And the place where it’s spoken is a very beautiful, lush, mountainous, natural, bucolic place. I’ve never spoken Nahuatl that associates with someplace boring. There’s nothing boring about it. The people are very friendly when they speak the Nahuatl language. I think those things give me the picture of Nahuatl being beautiful.

    Tyler Cowen

    It also has this very rich civilization behind it, which is not in every way still there today. Unlike a lot of languages spoken only by, say, 2 million people, it was the language of an empire, right?

    Vaughn Smith

    Absolutely.

    Tyler Cowen

    Could you say something for us in Nahuatl?

    Vaughn Smith

    [In Nahuatl] “Since I was a young kid, I would go to Mexico, and my mother does not speak Nahuatl. Then, 20 years ago, I learned Nahuatl with a friend of mine who lives near Awilizapan (Orizaba) in a village called Rafael Delgado or San Juan del Rio.”

    Tyler Cowen

    Nahuatl varies a lot from village to village. How do you decide which one to learn?

    Vaughn Smith

    I learned the one that was closest to me.

    Tyler Cowen

    You mean physically closest to you?

    Vaughn Smith

    I’m sorry, let me back up a little bit. I forget to mention that for a part of each year, I live in Mexico in Orizaba. That’s my mother’s hometown, and just south of the city, about a 10-, 15-minute bus ride, is the village of Rafael Delgado. That’s where everybody speaks it on the street. They speak mostly Nahuatl, and then Spanish is secondary to them. That’s the proximity that gives me that, plus the fact that it’s a distant cousin of mine, who is a professor of the Nahuatl language, who taught me.

    Tyler Cowen

    Do you try to study written Nahuatl? That’s hard to do, right? There just isn’t that much. Or you just speak it, and that’s it?

    Vaughn Smith

    Now, when you say written Nahuatl, you’re talking about the phonology, that’s the Latin characters?

    Tyler Cowen

    That the Spaniards imposed on Nahuatl in varying forms after the conquest.

    Vaughn Smith

    That’s not difficult for me at all. No.

    Tyler Cowen

    So you could read something in Nahuatl if you —

    Vaughn Smith

    I could write it perfectly, yes.

    Tyler Cowen

    Okay, great.

    Vaughn Smith

    As far as the actual words that I know. If there’s some new word, I might have to find out, but usually, if I go by pronunciation, then I can write pretty much anything.

    Tyler Cowen

    Do you think it’s more fundamental to your learning — the written form of the language or the spoken?

    Vaughn Smith

    Spoken.

    Tyler Cowen

    Then you move to figuring out how to read it?

    Vaughn Smith

    Yes.

    Tyler Cowen

    Do you feel you think different thoughts in different languages?

    Vaughn Smith

    Yes, I do.

    Tyler Cowen

    How does that operate?

    Vaughn Smith

    I don’t know. I think when I get angry [laughs] when somebody cuts me off or something, I’ll curse out in Slovak. I think the reason for that is because when I lived with Táňa and Dušan Pavelkovi — they were the people from Slovakia, the Eastern Slovaks — Východňária, that’s what we call them. Eastern Slovaks are known for their aggressive demeanor, just hot-blooded people. They’re always cursing and swearing. When they get upset, they always have something to say, which is pretty nasty. I picked up on this a lot because I spent every day working with these people. I pretty much picked it up as a habit. I’m driving, someone cuts me off. It’s like — I don’t want to say it because they would be bad words, like, “I swear to God” — that sort of thing. That’s just a lighter version of what they say, but, [in Slovak] To by nerobil ani posledný úchil! [Even the last jackass would not do that!] It just stuck with me over the years. That would be one of the examples. Yes, little fits of rage here and there — they come out in Slovak a lot. Even if I’m in Mexico, I’ll say it. [laughter]

    Tyler Cowen

    Now, when I hear Russian — and Russian is a language spoken in my home, though not by me — it often sounds to me like the people are angry. When you speak Russian, do you sound more like you’re angry?

    Vaughn Smith

    When I speak Russian — I tell people this when I’m teaching them Russian or tutoring Russian — Russian is a loud language. Just taking into consideration the majority of the people that I’ve met that speak Russian, it’s always loud. [In Russian] “One must speak Russian loudly. It will not suffice to speak softly. Americans always speak softly.” It’s twice the energy output when someone’s speaking Russian, even if you’re just at a table at the house.

    Tyler Cowen

    Do you read much historical linguistics, or you just focus on learning languages?

    Vaughn Smith

    I focus on learning languages, and periodically, I’ll delve into the history of linguistics. One of my favorite books is one that was sent to me by Nijolė Skripskaitė. She’s a Lithuanian, and she sent me a book called The History of the Lithuanian Language. It’s a very fascinating read. I haven’t read the whole thing from front to back, but I’ll read little chapters here and there. When I have some free time, I look into it. It goes into the older Baltic variants that were much closer to, well, what people will consider Sanskrit, for example, some of the loan words from Old Norse, and the other interesting little facts of how the words are put together.

    Tyler Cowen

    Something like Chomsky on structural linguistics — do you have an opinion on that?

    Vaughn Smith

    I have not read the book.

    Tyler Cowen

    Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

    Vaughn Smith

    I’m not familiar with it.

    Tyler Cowen

    Do you think the Romance languages are, in fact, better for romance?

    Vaughn Smith

    No.

    Tyler Cowen

    What’s the best language for romance and why?

    Vaughn Smith

    I don’t think about it that way. What’s the best language for romance? I guess any language has the capacity of being romantic. If you’re thinking about romantic feelings of couples getting in love, that sort of thing, no. Even Finnish is more romantic to me than, say, Portuguese.

    Tyler Cowen

    That’s amazing. What makes Finnish so romantic relative to Portuguese?

    Vaughn Smith

    Well, I had a girlfriend who taught me Finnish.

    Tyler Cowen

    Ah, yes, that will do it. Which kinds of languages are hardest for you to learn?

    Vaughn Smith

    What kinds of languages —

    Tyler Cowen

    Would it be tonal or agglutinative? Click languages?

    Vaughn Smith

    When I study a language, the grammar is super important to me. I don’t have a problem with pronunciation. I can learn different writing scripts — that’s fine. I think the two biggest challenges here for me would be something that’s a very complicated grammar. For example, Estonian or Finnish, Hungarian, Lithuanian, to me, are grammatically very challenging. As far as orthography and writing systems, certainly kanji or Chinese characters, Mandarin characters would prove difficult because there’s a lot more to memorize.

    Tyler Cowen

    What do you think has been, for you, the hardest language to learn?

    Vaughn Smith

    The hardest language for me to learn — I would say Hungarian.

    Tyler Cowen

    What makes Hungarian so hard?

    Vaughn Smith

    Several noun cases and a very rich vocabulary, very large vocabulary. A lot more words are in regular use to say specific things, more so than, say, any of the Germanic languages. An opposite of that would be, for example, Norwegian, which is super easy. You just have one little word. It doesn’t change, it doesn’t inflect the verb. Let’s see, the person or the verb is the same, no matter who is it that does it. There’s simply the infinitive form. There’s the past participle, and then there’s the present, which you just put the letter r after the vowel of the infinitive. That’s grammatically, just giving an example of how easy it is for me to learn Norwegian grammar. Everything is difficult about Hungarian, as the case is knowing what case — the singular, the plural form. The verb changes with the recipient of the verb. If it’s in the first person verb, it changes when the recipient is in second person singular. Szeretnélek instead of Szeretnék, for example. Szeretnélek: “I like you.” Or Szeretnék: “I like.” These little nuances and all these exceptions to rules and irregularities make the language grammar very difficult.

    Tyler Cowen

    Do you ever learn languages through music?

    Vaughn Smith

    Yes, I can say that.

    Tyler Cowen

    By singing, by listening to songs? Or how do you do it? Translating lyrics, listening?

    Vaughn Smith

    Listening. I started when I was back at Wilson High School. I met Сергей Кузнецов [Sergei Kuznetsov], and he loved music, and he gave me these tapes. This is the early ’90s, where everybody used cassette tapes. He gave me these cassette tapes with bands like Kino, Krematorij, Nautilus Pompilius — Russian bands. From there, I would listen, and already, some of the words I could recognize. Little words here and there, but then I started putting it together. If I listened to the songs, if I knew about 50 percent of the vocabulary of a sentence, I could figure out the rest of it. I could guess some of the words or at least bracket down the possible meanings of certain words and later find out, oh, okay, it was this or it was that. It meant this. Certainly, a lot of other music that I’d get from Czech and Slovak — I’d decipher it the same way.

    Tyler Cowen

    How do you think about your own memory? Do you feel you have a good memory for all things, or just languages, or the variance of your memory is high? What‘s your own model of that?

    Vaughn Smith

    I have a good memory for languages, certainly, but also for numbers, words, directions, how to get places, good land navigation. As far as things that are difficult for me to remember, it’s difficult for me to remember sometimes schedule memory. For example, someone would say, “Hey, Vaughn, at seven o’clock on Saturday, do this.” And the time would come around, I’m not thinking about it. That’s an attention-span thing. It’s not like recollection, but it’s simply not catching something at the time when it was scheduled. Now, of course, I have a calendar. I put everything in the calendar so it’s not a problem, but that was a difficulty for me prior to that.

    Tyler Cowen

    I have a good memory for economic arguments, but I have a very poor episodic memory. That is, I don’t remember episodes from my life very well, and it’s hard for me to tell stories from them. Does that sound familiar to you at all?

    Vaughn Smith

    Not really, no.

    Tyler Cowen

    So, you have good episodic memory?

    Vaughn Smith

    I have good episodic memory, yes.

    Tyler Cowen

    Yes, that’s good. The other hyperpolyglots — do you know them? You WhatsApp with them? Or you read about them once and that’s it?

    Vaughn Smith

    I’ll see some here and there. I met Richard Simcott via Skype, so I’ve met him, spoken with him. That was while the Washington Post article was being written.

    Tyler Cowen

    Are they fun? Are those the people you hang out with, or they’re just another group of people?

    Vaughn Smith

    Well, Richard Simcott — I’ve never hung out with him in person, but I really enjoyed the conversation, and I made plans to meet with him in Mexico in October for the polyglot conference that he’s hosting. Other than that, I have not met polyglots that know more than, say, eight languages or so. The ones that know some languages — we have a meeting that we do every Sunday, the District Language Exchange, and it happens at different places, typically on Sundays at about 5:00 pm. We used to meet at Meridian Hill Park on 16th street NW, DC. We’ll meet at places such as Dacha Beer Garden. I’ll meet with some, and it’s really fun just to skip from language to language, and we’re just like, “Yes, we’re practicing.” We’re impressing all these other people that are standing around us, looking at us. It’s always fun to just, “Okay, I know this one, too,” and we’ll jump from this to that. Not people that I hang out with on a daily basis. I don’t have a close friend that’s a polyglot, nor do I have a close friend regularly that would speak more than five languages.

    Tyler Cowen

    How many hyperpolyglots do you think there are?

    Vaughn Smith

    I have no idea.

    Tyler Cowen

    But we know what, a few hundred?

    Vaughn Smith

    A thousand, at least.

    Tyler Cowen

    A thousand, at least.

    Vaughn Smith

    A thousand, at least. That’s what I would imagine.

    Tyler Cowen

    Is it your intuition that everyone who has that skill learns it and does it? Or is there some expanse of people out there who could do it, but somehow have never been attuned to it?

    Vaughn Smith

    I agree with that second possibility. There are people that have the capacity, but they just don’t live in a place where they’re exposed to other languages, and they might not participate in active language learning to the degree that I have or that other hyperpolyglots have. They might use superior memory capabilities for other things.

    Tyler Cowen

    How does language retention differ from language acquisition, or is it just the same? Do you have to maintain languages, or they just stick with you?

    Vaughn Smith

    I’ll give an example. Recently — I think it was two weeks ago — I was in front of the Bulgarian embassy. It was a Saturday that the European Union embassies were having their open house, and we were going from embassy to embassy. I went to the Latvian embassy, had a pretty good conversation, and I realized I had not spoken Latvian for more than 15 years, but I was still able to converse. Some of the words — they’re there, but it might take me some time to think about the words, like Saldējums [ice cream] or Jautājums [question]. Little simple words like that. Actually, those are poor examples because those are words that I know too well, but Izveicināt [to cheer up] — they would just come slowly. It’s just a matter of putting myself in the place of the language, and it’s like a slow computer rebooting information, bringing it to the forefront, so it’s ready for use. Bulgarian was the same thing. I was in front of the Bulgarian embassy, and then someone comes up, and I had not spoken Bulgarian for about 10 years or so, and here I am, having a conversation in Bulgarian again. But it was a lot faster than, for example, the Latvian conversation for the Latvian embassy. In answer to that, I don’t have a problem memorizing the words that I’ve studied well. Some of them — if I’m learning new words, then of course, I have to come back to it repetitively to actually commit them to long-term memory.

    Tyler Cowen

    You mean some technique of spaced repetition?

    Vaughn Smith

    Yes.

    Tyler Cowen

    Could you say something in Latvian for us?

    Vaughn Smith

    For example, [in Latvian] “It seems to me it will rain, but later the sun will be shining.”

    Tyler Cowen

    Now, you’re an atypical case, but do you have views on how we should teach languages to other people better?

    Vaughn Smith

    How to teach languages to other people better? Don’t cram so much vocabulary into one little session. Mix it up: some writing, some reading, but a lot of listening. People learn by listening. Humans grow up listening, doing nothing but listening, and that’s how they acquire language. That should be reflected in teaching methods.

    Tyler Cowen

    If you think of your own acquisitions — for most individuals, it’s relatively easy to learn a new language without an accent at a young age, and it gets progressively harder. Do you think that applies to you or not really?

    Vaughn Smith

    I think that it’s got a little bit more difficult, but not by much.

    Tyler Cowen

    But not by much. Are you willing to tell us how old you are?

    Vaughn Smith

    Yes, 46.

    Tyler Cowen

    46.

    Vaughn Smith

    Yes.

    Tyler Cowen

    You just think that will keep on going for some while still, and you can just keep on learning?

    Vaughn Smith

    Yes.

    Tyler Cowen

    Do you have particular aspirations such as, “Well, I want to learn Otomi,” or whatever the next thing is? Or it just happens?

    Vaughn Smith

    Otomi — it’s pretty interesting that you say that because it’s one of the ones I would like to learn somehow.

    Tyler Cowen

    Oh, good. Why Otomi?

    Vaughn Smith

    Otomi — because that is spoken also in the state of Veracruz. I’ve had some contact with some Otomi speakers, but never really sat down with them to learn anything. I have literature and music that is written in Otomi. It looks very beautiful.

    Tyler Cowen

    Otomi probably is dying out, or don’t you think so?

    Vaughn Smith

    Dying out — as far as the state of indigenous languages in Mexico, it’s pretty much the same. There are fewer and fewer speakers every year because the youngsters are not willing, or they’re just — for some reason — sticking to Spanish instead of their own indigenous language, or they’re learning English instead. As far as actual numbers, I’m not exactly certain, but I know that many indigenous communities are putting efforts into preserving their languages.

    Tyler Cowen

    Do you worry much about language loss as an issue?

    Vaughn Smith

    Absolutely.

    Tyler Cowen

    Is there anything we can do?

    Vaughn Smith

    Yes, absolutely. There are different methods I see. For example, when I’m in Orizaba, Mexico, there are two professors, Armando Alonso Limón, Miguel Torres. They’re both related. One is uncle and one is nephew. They’re pretty much the fluent go-to people of the town. They just know all the vocabulary, the words for every plant and animal, pretty much as far as memory can go. They are actively thinking of ways, efforts that they can continue to teach the language. They teach at bilingual schools. The kids go to the school; they’re learning Spanish; they’re learning Nahuatl at the same time. And he speaks to them in Nahuatl as much as he can. Looking at these methods, when I started to learn it — the Nahuatl language — about 25 years ago, I arrived at Armando’s house with a pen and a book to start writing things down. Then I realized, when I went into his house, that about six other kids had come, also with pens and books, to do the same thing. I think that when the kids saw that an outsider — even though I’m half Mexican, to them I’m an outsider. I look like an American. I don’t speak 100 percent native Spanish like a typical everyday Mexican there because I don’t live there all the time. For them to see an outsider, someone coming from the United States, even though I spent my childhood in Mexico, I’m looked at as pretty much a gringo. “Here is this American coming, and he wants to learn our language. Well, wow.” All of a sudden, they realized, “Okay, people want to learn our language. Our language has value.” I see that when I take interest in a language that’s not spoken by very many people. Sometimes my niece will be with me, and she’ll want to learn some words, too. We have this really friendly approach. “Hey, I’d like to learn some of these words. What does this mean?” It really just gives them a reminder. It’s an uplift. “This language that we know, that’s spoken by very few people, and this culture of ours is very valuable. People see it, and they appreciate it.”

    Tyler Cowen

    Linguistic issues aside, how do you feel rural Mexico is doing now?

    Vaughn Smith

    Rural Mexico. Rural Mexico struggles economically, absolutely. Oh, so many different ideas — how to put it all together? Their land is being taken away and used for commercial reasons. They’re being exploited. They’re laughed at when they come to the city, and they get a lot of discrimination, especially from the young kids. They’ll go to a school, and they’ll be made fun of because they’re indigenous. That would be like indigenous people from rural areas all over Mexico. When I see the people, they seem very happy, and they’re smiling, and they’re going about their business. But I think there’s an underlying melancholy and this feeling of being second class. They don’t say it directly, but I can sense it.

    Tyler Cowen

    If you could change one thing in the parts of rural Mexico you’re familiar with — other than just more resources in every way — what would that be?

    Vaughn Smith

    If I could change it? Well, set up schools, prioritize the language, and make it so that rural people see themselves the way city people or urbans see themselves, and they live that. Just that same amount of pride, that value, that self-worth needs to be brought up.

    Tyler Cowen

    Do you think more people should leave rural Mexico, or fewer should leave?

    Vaughn Smith

    Leave rural Mexico?

    Tyler Cowen

    For the cities — not for the US, but just move to Mexico City, move to Guadalajara or Veracruz, wherever.

    Vaughn Smith

    That’s really not for me to say. People move for economic reasons or something that they need, to find a job here or there, or they just need work. No, I think that there’s an importance to the rural way of life. That’s for every place, even in the United States. A lot so in Mexico, too. I think that it’s just more resources, a better economic stance, just an economic foundation for rural areas. People need to stay where they are. They move away from the rural areas, and the rural areas are missing something already.

    Tyler Cowen

    What’s your favorite food in rural Mexico?

    Vaughn Smith

    My favorite food in rural Mexico — it would be barbacoa.

    Tyler Cowen

    Yes, it’s amazing when they put it under the earth overnight. It’s incredible. It’s the best barbecue in the world, I think.

    Vaughn Smith

    I’ve seen it done, yes. Mole, of course.

    Tyler Cowen

    That means many things. Which mole?

    Vaughn Smith

    Mole — the one that is made in Orizaba is the mixture of the chocolate base and all the nuts and oil and the various kinds of pepper and seeds. When they say mole, they only mean that one thing. It’s that brown sauce. It’s usually served with turkey. Put turkey in there, it’s really good. That’s very rural. That, and the barbacoa. As far as other things, they’ll probably just roast a chicken, but typically that’s not especially a rural thing. That could be done anywhere. I just happen to enjoy a rural barbecue here and there.

    Tyler Cowen

    The part of Mexico I used to go to in Guerrero, mole would mean a sauce with pepitas, and maybe white onion and herbs, but nothing like chocolate, nuts. Not at all like Pueblo or Oaxacan mole.

    Vaughn Smith

    No, that’s very different. Okay, I’m not familiar with that variety of mole in that case.

    Tyler Cowen

    And very, very hot, sometimes almost impossible for me to eat. Oaxacan mole is not really spicy, right?

    Vaughn Smith

    No. Mole is actually the Nahuatl word for sauce. That’s all it means.

    Tyler Cowen

    Yes. It’s striking to me — there’s a whole bunch of Nahuatl words in English, like tomato, coyote, right?

    Vaughn Smith

    Coyote, chocolate.

    Tyler Cowen

    Yes. Your abilities with language learning — what is it exactly that you think makes you special with those abilities? Is it memory or dedication or some combination of qualities?

    Vaughn Smith

    I think a combination of those — memory, the dedication, and the love of language.

    Tyler Cowen

    The love of language.

    Vaughn Smith

    Yes.

    Tyler Cowen

    So, it’s just super fun for you.

    Vaughn Smith

    It’s very fun for me, yes.

    Tyler Cowen

    It will just always be fun.

    Vaughn Smith

    It’ll always be fun. It’ll always be rewarding up and down the street. I’ll be at the grocery store, people are speaking, they’re saying something in Lithuanian or they’re looking for something in Russian. They don’t know where to find it. I’ll point it out and say, “Okay, cool, I just helped somebody.” Maybe there are some people that don’t speak English very well, so I’m always there to lend a hand, and that’s always rewarding.

    Tyler Cowen

    Duolingo apps — are they good? Do you use them?

    Vaughn Smith

    I used a Duolingo app to learn Welsh.

    Tyler Cowen

    Welsh.

    Vaughn Smith

    Yes, it has been very useful to me, although it’s a very slow pace for me.

    Tyler Cowen

    Welsh is hard. How is your Welsh?

    Vaughn Smith

    I can speak Welsh. I can have a basic conversation in Welsh.

    Tyler Cowen

    What is Welsh —

    Vaughn Smith

    [In Welsh] Dw i’n siarad tipyn bach o Gymraeg nawr. [I speak a little bit of Welsh now.]

    Tyler Cowen

    That sounds good. What do you think of online tutors and services such as italki?

    Vaughn Smith

    I am not familiar with those at all. I’ve never used them.

    Tyler Cowen

    You use a Zoom call or Skype and just talk to someone around the world. You might have to pay them, but they’ll talk to you for as long as you want in their languages.

    Vaughn Smith

    Tutoring, for someone who cannot go to the country or cannot be immersed, I think will be a very valuable tool, certainly.

    Tyler Cowen

    Thinking of your own life, if you were to go back to your 12- or 16-year-old self and tell that person something — advice, whatever — what would it be?

    Vaughn Smith

    Keep at it. [laughs]

    Tyler Cowen

    Keep at it. But you did keep at it, right? So, that’s not what you needed to hear.

    Vaughn Smith

    Not necessarily, because I wasted time in doing other stupid things. I think better words would be, “Stop doing the stupid stuff and focus on this.”

    Tyler Cowen

    You were a roadie for a punk rock band?

    Vaughn Smith

    That’s right.

    Tyler Cowen

    Was that a smart thing or a stupid thing?

    Vaughn Smith

    No, to me that was not a stupid thing. No. That is —

    Tyler Cowen

    Sounds like fun. What was the band?

    Vaughn Smith

    The Goons. Yes, I drove the van. I was pretty much the designated driver for about a year. I think it was 2000.

    Tyler Cowen

    That was traveling in the US?

    Vaughn Smith

    They might have traveled somewhere in the US, but when I went, I pretty much took them from DC to New York, Hartford, Connecticut, and all those shows. We’d stay with Gabby of Molotov Cocktail in Manhattan or stay some places in Hartford, Connecticut. We’d see Boiling Man and other shows, and a lot of other bands would come and play together at the same shows.

    Tyler Cowen

    That’s still what you like best in music, is punk?

    Vaughn Smith

    In my formative years it’s what I listened to the most — punk and hardcore. So, that’s my go-to music.

    Tyler Cowen

    Great. What’s the story of how you ended up in your current job as a carpet cleaner?

    Vaughn Smith

    Oh, it’s my brother’s business.

    Tyler Cowen

    You work for your brother?

    Vaughn Smith

    Yes.

    Tyler Cowen

    Does being a carpet cleaner make it easier to learn languages because your mind is not full, say, in the way it would be if you were a lawyer and you have to worry about memorizing parts of the law, and you’re just free to focus on language? Or that doesn’t matter?

    Vaughn Smith

    No, there’s nothing rewarding about carpet cleaning that’s conducive to learning languages at all. I think my most rewarding job was the caretaker at the grounds of the Central and Eastern European Art Foundation because that’s where I was speaking languages all the time, every day. That’s where I learned to speak Czech fluently, where I learned to speak Slovak fluently. It’s where I brushed up on my Bulgarian. Romanian and Serbian as well — I’d speak those languages because I worked with people from those areas. As far as carpet cleaning, maybe I’ll have a customer, or I’ve had a customer who speaks Latvian and a customer speaks Finnish, a Norwegian customer. I had the same customer — I think three times or so — a woman from Ireland who speaks Irish Gaelic, and she was very surprised.

    Tyler Cowen

    Oh, I’m sure. How good is your Irish Gaelic?

    Vaughn Smith

    Oh, about as good as my Welsh.

    Tyler Cowen

    How do they react when you just speak to them?

    Vaughn Smith

    Wow, they get this look like they’ve got a stick in the back. It’s like, what? An bhfuil Gaeilge agat? Conas seo? [Do you speak Gaelic? How is that?]

    Tyler Cowen

    What do you tell them?

    Vaughn Smith

    What do I tell them? Bhí mé ag foghlaim Gaeilge le dé bliana anuas. At that time, it was like I’d been learning Irish for about 10 years. I’ll say, Ar mhaith leat dul thíos an staighre agus an carpet a fheiceáil? Would you like to come down and have a look at the carpet? Stuff like that, a little sentence here and there. Not much like a standard conversation and getting into details, but just some simple sentences.

    Tyler Cowen

    What’s the hardest stain to get out of a carpet?

    Vaughn Smith

    The hardest stain to get out of a carpet, I would say, wood stain, Kool-Aid, dyes.

    Tyler Cowen

    Kool-Aid, really? I’m surprised.

    Vaughn Smith

    It’s all just dye. They might’ve changed the formula, so it’s not as permanent of a color. Colors, color dyes, that sort of thing — nearly impossible. The purpose of dye is to stain. That’s what it was designed for. If you’ve stained the carpet, the dye did its job, and there’s no reversing it because it’s that good of a dye.

    Tyler Cowen

    Would it make sense for you to work as a translator? Or do you think being interested in so many languages is, in some way, inconsistent with that?

    Vaughn Smith

    I would be interested in working as a translator, yes.

    Tyler Cowen

    For the languages you know best?

    Vaughn Smith

    For the languages I know best, I would say. Yes.

    Tyler Cowen

    Do you still put time into learning those even better? Or it’s more like, I want to do Otomi next?

    Vaughn Smith

    I’m always switching it out. I’m always going from book to book, so no, certainly there’s much more to learn. Even in the languages that I speak more or less fluently, I’m still learning specific words. I don’t know the words for makeup in a lot of those languages because it’s never a subject that I spoke about. Scientific terms — being able to speak about chemistry, physics — that’s also important. It’s something I want to learn to do in areas that I can explore to improve languages that I know.

    Tyler Cowen

    Are you keen to do an interlude where you just speak a few languages for us?

    Vaughn Smith

    Yes, I could.

    Tyler Cowen

    Okay. Shall we try Vietnamese?

    Vaughn Smith

    Vietnamese. [In Vietnamese] “Do you speak Vietnamese?” A simple question, like, do you speak Vietnamese? My Vietnamese is super elementary. It’s really not enough to have a conversation.

    Tyler Cowen

    How about Dutch?

    Vaughn Smith

    Dutch? [In Dutch] “I can speak Dutch. I had a friend from Groningen. He is from the north, and his name is Bram Staal, and we became friends. He lived with us an entire summer in Silver Spring.”

    Tyler Cowen

    Finnish?

    Vaughn Smith

    [In Finnish] “One day I was in Mexico when I heard a man say to everyone . . . Somebody asked him where he was from. He said he was a Finn from Finland, and I suddenly said to him, ‘Yes! I also speak Finnish, nice to meet you, etc.’”

    Tyler Cowen

    Do you speak Sinhalese?

    Vaughn Smith

    Sinhalese. [In Sinhalese] “I speak some Sinhalese. What time is it?” Again, like Vietnamese, it’s just very simple, very elementary.

    Tyler Cowen

    Portuguese?

    Vaughn Smith

    Brahas betinda! I know that one. Today is Thursday. [In Portuguese] “I can speak Portuguese because of my friends from school. I spoke with them every day. After school, we would all hang out just to enjoy the city. It is for that that I speak Portuguese.”

    Tyler Cowen

    And you know both Portugal Portuguese and Brazilian Portuguese?

    Vaughn Smith

    Mostly Brazilian Portuguese. I would not know how to specifically imitate the accent of Portugal Portuguese because I don’t have enough exposure to it.

    Tyler Cowen

    Even in English, can you speak different ways? Could you speak the way a Scottish person would speak? Or that just doesn’t count? [laughter]

    Vaughn Smith

    [Scottish accent] “Oh, like a Scottish person, I suppose. I met someone who’s talking about the color green. She was talking about the color green the whole time.” I’m just mimicking her accent. I really like the way the Scottish English sounds. As far as other dialects, [Louisiana accent] “I spent a lot of time on the bayou and the water come through the house. That’s all the people talk about is, the water to come through the house.”

    Tyler Cowen

    How much do you travel in terms of going to these places?

    Vaughn Smith

    The last time I was in New Orleans was in 2007. It was post-Katrina — 2006 and then 2007. I think that was it for Louisiana. I spent a good two weeks there with the Nehlig family just outside of Chalmette, Louisiana. As far as other places go, my father used to have this pilgrimage, where we would travel all across the US and go visit my grandparents, who lived in Santa Rosa, California. It’s in Sonoma County, about an hour north of the Bay Area. On the way, we’d stop at different places. Explore Lewis and Clark National Park, for example. Montana, the Badlands in South Dakota, or we’d stop somewhere in Kentucky. And the accents — they change from place to place. Some are a lot deeper than others. What especially stood out to me was the English spoken in rural Kentucky, the southern tips of Indiana and Illinois, and then going into Missouri — just those rural areas. [accent] “It’s very different — there might be — ” A super-old style of speaking, a much deeper accent than what I would typically hear in the middle of West Virginia, for example.

    Tyler Cowen

    But say, do you want to go to the Netherlands so you can hear Dutch for two weeks?

    Vaughn Smith

    Oh, certainly, yes.

    Tyler Cowen

    You don’t have the chance to, or is it part of your program, or you think you will, you hope you will, or you have?

    Vaughn Smith

    I hope I will. Just looking for other employment, post-COVID, work got pretty slow, and I started doing five different jobs. I had five part-time jobs. Slowly, I’ve been doing away with those because work is getting a little bit busy, but I’m not in a financial scenario where I could do that very easily now.

    Tyler Cowen

    Is there a country where you think, “Well, that’s where I want to go,” if you had a number one choice?

    Vaughn Smith

    A number one choice?

    Tyler Cowen

    To go and live for a month, two months.

    Vaughn Smith

    Finland.

    Tyler Cowen

    Finland.

    Vaughn Smith

    Yes.

    Tyler Cowen

    What interests you about Finland, in addition to Finnish?

    Vaughn Smith

    In addition to Finnish, the Lapland, just the northern climate, the lakes, and the nature, and people say it mimics Minnesota. Of course, I’m familiar with Minnesota, and [In Finnish] kymmenniä järveä kaikkialla [tens of lakes everywhere]. Just hundreds of lakes all over the place. Being able to go north and see the Northern Lights, the reindeer, the flora and fauna of the country, and visiting friends.

    Tyler Cowen

    It’s one of the very best countries for architecture, I think, and oddly, for Russian food. Russian food in Finland is much better than Russian food in Russia, which is generally not that good.

    Vaughn Smith

    [laughs] [In Finnish] Tosi mielenkiintoista! [pretty interesting]. That’s pretty interesting.

    Tyler Cowen

    Well, the ingredients are better. It’s more of a market economy. This is all pre-sanctions, of course. I’ve only been to Finland once, but I really quite liked it. I want to go back. I was only in Helsinki, but I thought it was quite an underrated city.

    Vaughn Smith

    That’s what I hear from other people as well. It’s a place I’ve got to go and visit.

    Tyler Cowen

    There are just no hassles to being there. Not an issue for you, but you can just speak English to people if you want, right?

    Vaughn Smith

    Of course.

    Tyler Cowen

    What’s your favorite movie?

    Vaughn Smith

    My favorite movie. The Thing, the original The Thing with Kurt Russell.

    Tyler Cowen

    The original The Thing. What do you think of the remake?

    Vaughn Smith

    They made a prequel to it. It’s not exactly a remake. No, actually, there is an original The Thing that’s prior to the Kurt Russell —

    Tyler Cowen

    With James Arness, and then there’s what? The 1982 one.

    Vaughn Smith

    The 1982 one is the one that’s my favorite.

    Tyler Cowen

    That’s excellent. I think that the earlier one is also good though. It’s scary only by, say, 1950 standards, but if you can get yourself into that mindset, it’s quite a good movie.

    Vaughn Smith

    That’s the key to enjoying a film from different eras, getting yourself into the mindset.

    Tyler Cowen

    That’s right.

    Vaughn Smith

    I’m glad that you mentioned that.

    Tyler Cowen

    A lot of people can’t do that. It’s not unrelated to linguistic issues. It’s like you have to crack the cultural code of some era.

    Vaughn Smith

    Yes, that’s very true.

    Tyler Cowen

    Most remakes of movies are much worse, but with The Thing, it wasn’t worse. They understood what was good about the original, but still improved on it.

    Vaughn Smith

    Yes.

    Tyler Cowen

    Is it the horror element or the science fiction element that draws you more to The Thing?

    Vaughn Smith

    I think it’s a combination of both. I do like science fiction as long as it’s not too far-fetched and it’s like, “Come on, this doesn’t make sense,” but certainly fathomable in what goes on in The Thing. And I really like the creepy aspect of it, not knowing that someone’s infected before the person’s infected, that mystery that is like a surprise later. It’s “Oh, this person was one of them this whole time.” That really brings out that scary element.

    Tyler Cowen

    What are the open tabs on your browser right now?

    Vaughn Smith

    Open tabs on my browser — I don’t know.

    Tyler Cowen

    Language learning? There are different languages, or that’s all up in your head?

    Vaughn Smith

    That’s just all up in my head. Tabs on my browser. I guess the phone browser, just things that I’ve been looking up.

    Tyler Cowen

    Like I have an open browser tab, the Washington Post article about you because that’s what I’m working on, for instance.

    Vaughn Smith

    I see. No, I just don’t keep open tabs like that.

    Tyler Cowen

    I have a lot of open tabs at the moment about other hyperpolyglots because I read up on them to talk with you.

    Vaughn Smith

    Yes, that’s a good example, but I don’t really keep the open tabs in that manner. I’m more of an old-fashioned person. I carry books around with me. I read books, paper books. They’re in my car. I have 10 or so books in there. But open tabs on my browser — I think maybe I’d see YouTube. I’m trying to put more YouTube channels up, so it’s something that I’m looking into.

    Tyler Cowen

    You might reopen your YouTube channel?

    Vaughn Smith

    Well, the YouTube channel — it’s active, but I want to upload more videos. Yes, I’m going to upload more videos on the YouTube channel.

    Tyler Cowen

    How many videos are on it now?

    Vaughn Smith

    Probably only three. There were more. I took some of them off because I simply didn’t like the quality of them.

    Tyler Cowen

    Some of those were open tabs on my browser until I finished listening to them last night. What’s your goal with the YouTube channel?

    Vaughn Smith

    To promote language, talk more about language, give lessons in languages here and there, give some cultural advice along with it, have little snippets of conversations with other people. Just giving an example, “Hey, this can be done. This is something that’s not impossible. If you want to visit this country, here are some important words and phrases to know.” Things of this manner. Also, I’d like to focus on indigenous language as well — Nahuatl and other languages that are found throughout the North American continent.

    Tyler Cowen

    Being a hyperpolyglot, what do you think would be something — other than the languages themselves — but something that you’ve learned that the rest of the world should know better than they do?

    Vaughn Smith

    Language is a key to someone’s culture, to someone’s world, even if you do not happen to be in that person’s country at that time. It’s very sacred, and it’s very private for some people. Not everyone will be very open to immediately speaking to you in their own language, but the majority of the people that I approach or I’ll ask about — they have this very pleasant reaction to it. Then when you get into learning the language, you start to think in a different way. You realize every language works differently. It makes people think differently. There are the nuances of how the words work when you put them together, but then, when you learn the language, you realize there’s more to it. There’s a soul to the language. It’s like you’re starting to become this new miniature other-person version of yourself when you use that language. It comes with the native speaker’s sense of home, sense of belonging, sense of identity. Language is identity for many people, and it’s much more than just mimicking words. It’s knowing what phrases to use, being sensitive to another language speaker’s cultural needs, and you find out it’s like you’re going into a different world.

    Tyler Cowen

    Recent immigrants aside, as you know, most Americans speak only American English. Do you foresee that changing in the future? Do you think they will find persuasive what, to me, are quite significant reasons to learn other languages? Most people don’t do it, don’t even really try very hard.

    Vaughn Smith

    No. When you say most people don’t try really hard —

    Tyler Cowen

    In America. Europe can be different, other parts of the world different. But if you’re not connected to the language through your parents or where you were born . . . Some people learn Spanish, fewer yet learn French, a tiny number try Chinese, but not much happens here, right?

    Vaughn Smith

    No.

    Tyler Cowen

    Is that going to change?

    Vaughn Smith

    Yes and no. I think that in places where it’s a requirement to know a second language in order to get a job somewhere, of course, a lot of people are going to seek that out. I’ve noticed a difference between the generations. Me, being in my early 20s and mid-20s, I met people from Louisville, Kentucky, or from some city in Indiana that are learning Russian. That really was not so much the case when my father was in his 20s. There were immigration people. Italians would come to the house, they’d get a place. They’d just speak English. It’s like, “No, it’s America, it’s time to be American. We need to forget Italian.” It’s just English, English, English. I see this sentiment repeated when I meet others. I’ll go to New York, and I’ll see Italians, and they’re a generation older than myself, and they’ll say, “No, when my parents came from Italy, they spoke only English because they wanted us to learn only English.” There was already a big difference between the 1940s, 1950s and that time would be, I’d say, the 1990s, where it’s like, “No, globalization is happening. There’s more business, there’s more incentive to learn another language.” They’re teaching foreign language in high school. They are starting to come up with immersion schools, where the kids — they’re taught bilingually starting with even kindergarten or first grade. I see that trend. That’s already a very big difference there. Will it continue? Yes, I think it will continue more as you have more immigration. You have much more trade, open markets between nations. And certainly, there is a potential for the increase of interest in language learning, especially in the urban areas, people looking for IT, lawyers, jobs such as these, this kind of employment, or it’s white-collar work — then, yes. There’s still always going to be that population that is not exposed to it. They’ll just simply continue with English only, and that will continue as it is.

    Tyler Cowen

    What do you think of media coverage of hyperpolyglots? Is it accurate, off base, fair, balanced?

    Vaughn Smith

    I really haven’t seen enough media coverage to —

    Tyler Cowen

    There’s an article about you. Probably you read it, right?

    Vaughn Smith

    Yes.

    Tyler Cowen

    Did it capture the essence of you?

    Vaughn Smith

    I think it was a very well-put-together story. It was a little bit different from what I expected because it was . . . I thought that the story was going to concentrate on just me being a polyglot and languages and such. But no, the way the story was told — it was a very pleasant surprise, I would say. A very beautifully written piece. It was just a lot larger than I thought it would be, a very nicely put together story. But I haven’t seen other articles on other hyperpolyglots or polyglots that would give me any sort of comparison.

    Tyler Cowen

    How do people in Mexico respond differently to you being a hyperpolyglot than people in America? Are they more shocked, or they just take it in stride?

    Vaughn Smith

    I think it’s a toss-up. It’s all of them. There are people that are very shocked. There are people that just take it in stride. If I’m in Mexico City, I think that’s where I get the most surprise, or if I am in any of the touristy areas where there are hostels. I could go to Orizaba. I could go to the south, to the village, and say, “Oh, I know all these languages.” They get this wide-eyed look on their face, and they would think, “Oh, wow, that’s pretty impressive.” But then, that’s the end of it. In contrast to that, I’ll be in the city of Oaxaca, where you have visitors from all over the world come through, and I’m at the hostel, and I’m speaking Irish Gaelic — funny enough, the most instances where I speak Irish Gaelic are in Oaxaca because people from Ireland will go to Mexico instead of going to the US, and a lot of them speak Gaelic. They’ll hear me speak that language. I’ll speak Russian. I’ll turn around and speak Czech to someone. I’ve met people from Poland, from Serbia, from Croatia. When I’m switching from language to language, then the Mexicans themselves — they really see it happening. It’s a live show, and number one and number two, the Mexicans in Oaxaca — they’re in a place where they’re surrounded by languages, and it’s in their face. It’s like, “Okay, there are these many languages. There isn’t only French, German, Spanish.”

    Tyler Cowen

    But there’s Mixtec, there’s Zapotec, Nahuatl. There must be at least 15 languages in Oaxaca.

    Vaughn Smith

    In Oaxaca, I think there are — yes, I think that’s about right. Fifteen, yes. When I’m talking about the Mexicans living in Oaxaca that are there — they look at these European languages and they think, “Okay, well, that’s what a real language is.” They still have this prejudicial downplay on their own indigenous languages. The linguistic diversity in the state of Oaxaca is phenomenal, and the language is different, one from the other, much more so than the Germanic languages, for example, or the Romance languages. That’s very easily overlooked by the majority of the urban population of Mexico.

    Tyler Cowen

    Where do you still want to see in Mexico?

    Vaughn Smith

    I would like to see el Cañón de Cobre [the Copper Canyon]. I’ll take that train ride.

    Tyler Cowen

    I’ve never done that. I’ve been to Chihuahua, but I didn’t have time, so that’s on my list as well.

    Vaughn Smith

    Yes, definitely go there. I want to explore more of Chiapas. I want to meet up with my friend, Juan, who periodically teaches me. He gives me little lessons in Tzotzil. And spend more time in San Cristóbal de las Casas. Yes, those are some places I would like to spend some more time in, and see the north of Mexico as well.

    Tyler Cowen

    Central America?

    Vaughn Smith

    Central America. I’ve been to Belize already, but I would like to go back, of course. I would like to go to Guatemala.

    Tyler Cowen

    There are countries where I cannot understand the people speaking English, and northern Scotland sometimes counts as that. Do you have that issue? Or you just hear through it somehow?

    Vaughn Smith

    It’s interesting. I think that recently —

    Tyler Cowen

    The Caribbean also can be hard for me when people speak English. Yes, it is English, but maybe I understand a third of it.

    Vaughn Smith

    Yes, I’ve met people from the Caribbean that I couldn’t tell if they were speaking English, a very heavy accented English, or it was a Creole.

    Tyler Cowen

    Or a mix sometimes. Yes, they’ll blend the two.

    Vaughn Smith

    They were saying staya, instead of stay. “He gon’ staya.” Really just very altered speech, but I could tell the base words were English, or at least part of it was. The conversation that I heard on the bus — I could make out what they were saying, but not live. I’d listen to the whole sentence, put it together and say, “Oh, that’s what she said.” As far as an example with Scottish English, I know how the islands, the land breaks up the further north you go. It’s my idea that the further north you go, the more distant the accent is, and the more difficult it is to understand.

    Tyler Cowen

    Have you ever studied Singlish, the Singaporean? It used to be slang and a dialect. Now it’s almost becoming a language.

    Vaughn Smith

    I don’t know of it, no.

    Tyler Cowen

    Very hard for me to understand. How about Indian English? Hinglish. Is that the future of English?

    Vaughn Smith

    Is that the future of English? Well, it’s the present of English in India. That’s for certain.

    Tyler Cowen

    Sure. Say 80 years from now, as possibly our birth rates fall — Indian birth rates are falling as well — but what will English be, do you think? Most of the speakers won’t be North Americans, right? It’s already the case.

    Vaughn Smith

    Oh, I suppose each variant of English, where it is spoken, will — just going by the natural law of language — it’ll change, but I don’t see it becoming a big mush just yet, where it’s all uniform. English used to be uniform, and it went in the direction where, now, there are many different variations of English, many different accents. I don’t see it coming back together. As long as there are different areas where English is spoken, it’ll keep evolving in its own natural direction.

    Tyler Cowen

    If you meet a young person who has polyglot talent, and they ask you for advice, what do you tell them?

    Vaughn Smith

    Advice on what? Advice on learning or —

    Tyler Cowen

    They’ll say, “Well, you’ve done it.” Let’s say I’m 18. I’m a polyglot, a potential polyglot. I see I have this talent. What is it I should know? You would just say stick with it?

    Vaughn Smith

    Yes, stick with it. I’m assuming that if this person’s a polyglot, he or she already has developed a system for himself or herself as to the most effective way to learn. I don’t need to give this person any learning advice.

    Tyler Cowen

    So, the systems are different in your view?

    Vaughn Smith

    Well, they could be different, but if someone’s a polyglot, that means that person came up with a system that was effective for himself or herself. Then I wouldn’t give any linguistic advice. I would probably ask them, “What is it you want to do?” I would concentrate on having that person maybe focus on a very useful language, at least one. At least one very useful language that would give that person an advantage in academia. For example, learn Russian, learn Spanish — one of these big languages.

    Tyler Cowen

    Chinese.

    Vaughn Smith

    Mandarin Chinese, French.

    Tyler Cowen

    Last question. In young people — if they show some inclination, do you think you can spot polyglot talent? And if so, what is it you look for that a person might become someone like you, or they might stop at a mere seven languages and just call it a day?

    Vaughn Smith

    Children that I’ve met that have special abilities — some of them being autistic — I would spend a few minutes each meeting, showing them something, quizzing them. Some of these kids were very inclined to . . . they were a math genius or they were good at science or good at physics. I’d ask them, “Okay, why is tungsten used as a filament in a bulb?” for example. Most of the time, it was scientific quizzing. Then after that, I would test them with language. “Can you memorize this word? What’s this called?” I’d start with English, of course. I’d point out 10 different things. “What are these called?” Then I’ll say, “Do you know any Spanish?” I’ll test them in Spanish, or I’ll test them in something else. A lot of these are children of my friends, and my friends, knowing me, would like their children to learn Spanish, Portuguese, whatever it is that they think is useful for their child to learn, so I would go in and test them. Some of them — actually, they pick up very quickly on the words. I think that part of it is the fact that they’re young. They’re still at this age where they can absorb language very quickly. After that, I would speak to my friends, the kids’ parents, and say, “Hey, this is a good way to go about it. Do this.” I’ve met customers that speak German, but they only speak English to their kid. I’d say, “Hey, teach your child your language.” They’ll say “Oh, really?” It’s like, why is this carpet cleaner telling them? I would tell them, “Look, it’s important. Teach your child your language. Speak to her in only German. Don’t worry, she will learn. There’s plenty of English all around. There will be no problem with her learning English.” Some older people worry that if they teach their own language to their kids, it’ll somehow replace English. They won’t learn English at all. That’s simply not realistic because we live in a country where English is spoken.

    Tyler Cowen

    Vaughn Smith, a real pleasure. Thank you very much.

    Vaughn Smith

    Thank you very much.